竹叶叶绿素的提取及其性质的稳定性

为了找到提取竹叶中叶绿素的最佳工艺条件,考察竹叶叶绿素的稳定性,通过单因素实验确定浸提溶剂种类原料颗粒度、料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间的合适范围,再利用正交试验法进行工艺优化. 结果表明,用无水乙醇提取竹叶叶绿素的最佳工艺条件是:原料颗粒度10～20目、料液比1∶5、浸提温度70℃、浸提时间7 h,竹叶叶绿素对紫外光、常见氧化剂(如H2O2)、Fe3 均具有较强的耐受性,在温度70℃以下以及近中性或偏碱性介质环境中性质基本稳定,遇Cu2 、Zn2 离子分别生成蓝绿色絮状沉淀和灰绿色颗粒状沉淀.     

Performance characterization of rigid polyurethane foam with refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin

The two kinds of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with respectively adding the refined alkali lignin and alkali lignin modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane to be instead of 15% of the polyether glycol in weight. The indexes of mechanical performance, apparent density, thermal stability and aging resistance were separately tested for the prepared PU foams. The results show that the mechanical property, thermal insulation and thermal stability for PU foam with modified alkali lignin are excellent among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The additions of the refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin to PU foam have little effect on the natural aging or heat aging resistance except for decreasing hot alkali resistance apparently. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of modified alkali lignin PU foam is lowest among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The alkali lignin PU foam modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane could be applied in the heat preservation field.     

吉安一次持续性平流辐射大雾天气成因分析

采用Micaps 3.1资料、赣州探空资料、宜春风廓线(WPRD,60 min)风场产品以及吉安自动观测系统资料,分析2012年11月18—19日吉安一次持续性平流辐射大雾天气过程的大尺度天气背景、动力和热力结构特征及其演变等,揭示了这次平流辐射大雾过程的形成和维持机制。结果表明,这是冷暖平流在有利条件下经过辐射冷却后形成的平流辐射雾。在有利的大尺度背景条件下,暖平流移动到冷的下垫面和冷平流移向较暖的近地层,同时地表净辐射进一步加强近地层冷却,是此次大雾过程的触发和加强机制。特殊的温度场结构增加了低层暖湿空气和下垫面之间的温差,近地层至低层弱的辐合和垂直上升运动有助于小风的维持和稳定;充足的水汽为大雾长时间维持提供了有利条件。近地层风速增大和低层逆温层、湿度层消失是这次连续性平流辐射雾消散的主要原因。     

复合菌剂及酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧暴露后的影响

为探讨复合菌剂和酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧稳定性及有氧暴露期间微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量的影响,以玉米秸秆为青贮原料,设置3个处理:对照组、复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组。青贮90 d。有氧暴露1、3、7、11 d分别取样测定微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量。结果显示,与对照组相比,复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组均能提高青贮品质,显著减少有氧暴露期间粗蛋白、干物质损失(P<0.05)。与复合菌剂组相比,复合菌剂+酸化剂组有效抑制酵母菌繁殖,显著提升青贮有氧稳定性(P<0.05)。     

不同增稠剂对农药可分散油悬浮剂稳定性的影响

为明确不同增稠剂对以矿物油为分散介质的油悬浮体系稳定性的影响,以12.5%丙炔·吡嘧(丙炔噁草酮·吡嘧磺隆)可分散油悬浮剂为对象,通过流变学和多重光散射方法,研究了有机膨润土、有机高分子和气相二氧化硅3类增稠剂单独使用及有机膨润土和其他两类增稠剂分别搭配使用对可分散油悬浮剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:所有样品的流动特性指数(n)均小于1,为假塑性流体,具有触变性。除有机膨润土和高分子增稠剂Atlox Rheostrux100组合使用时体系更符合Casson方程外,其余样品均更符合Herschel-Bulkley方程。单独使用时,有机膨润土对保证体系稳定的效果相对较好;Atlox Rheostrux 100和Atlox Rheostrux200两种高分子增稠剂的效果差别较大,其中Atlox Rheostrux 100效果更好,这可能是由分子结构差异造成;两种气相二氧化硅类增稠剂由于不能有效形成氢键,效果较差。将有机膨润土和有机高分子增稠剂组合使用时,体系的稳定性有所提升,其中有机膨润土869和Atlox Rheostrux 100组合使用效果更好,体系具有较高的黏度,且具有良好的触变性,物理稳定性优异;有机膨润土869和疏水气相二氧化硅R974组合使用时则效果没有明显的提升。研究表明,流变学和多重光散射两种方法均能较好地表征可分散油悬浮剂的物理稳定性;新型高分子增稠剂和有机膨润土具有协同作用,将二者合理组合添加能大幅提升可分散油悬浮剂的稳定性。     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.     

矩形底面扁球面网壳的分岔问题

对曲面为正三角形网格矩形底面扁球面单层网壳,用拟壳法建立非线性动力学方程,在固定夹紧的边界条件下,给出满足边界条件的动态解。通过Galerkin法得到该问题的非线性动力学方程,用Floquent指数方法研究系统的分岔问题,讨论了平衡点(奇点)领域的稳定性问题。并且通过数字仿真绘出了不同平衡点处系统的分岔图,指出系统在动静载荷作用下平衡位置的变化情况。     

县域高标准农田建设项目遴选布局方法——以舒兰市为例

本研究旨在为科学布局高标准农田建设项目提供技术支持。从分析建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析的项目区遴选方法,并在吉林省舒兰市进行实证研究。结果表明：舒兰市高标准农田建设潜力较大,高适宜区和中适宜区合占耕地总面积的74.91%,主要分布在北部乡镇;空间稳定性与建设适宜性的空间分布大致相同,整体呈现“北部高于南部”的特征;高标准农田建设呈现明显的“北部易于南部”特征,其中优良协调类占耕地总面积的52.92%,主要分布在平安镇、金马镇、七里乡、开原镇、水曲柳镇和天德乡等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小,高标准农田建设难度最小;高标准农田建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度的热点区主要分布在法特镇、莲花乡、天德乡、平安镇、七里乡等北部乡镇,是高标准农田项目的优先选择区域。结合研究区实际,确定舒兰市“十三五”期间高标准农田建设区总面积10828.89 hm ²。     

土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响——基于村庄内土地不平等视角的分析

稳定的农地产权能够激励农户农地投资,有助于促进农地资源可持续利用和农业可持续发展。土地确权是稳定农地产权的重要正式制度安排,即稳定地权是新一轮土地确权承载的重要功能。基于诱致性制度变迁理论和社会心理学理论,以黄土高原苹果优势区为研究对象,利用实地调研数据,采用Logit和Ologit模型,从村庄内家庭土地不平等视角分析土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响及其作用机制,探讨新一轮农地确权的地权稳定效应。结果表明,在研究区域,33.79%的农户已完成新一轮土地确权颁证,62.64%的农户认为研究地块在未来不会被重新调整,即感知的地权稳定性水平较高。新一轮土地确权显著强化了农户的地权稳定性感知,且在控制村庄内土地不平等的情境中具有更高的强化效果;村庄内家庭土地不平等对农户地权稳定性感知具有显著的弱化效应,且土地不平等在土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响中具有负向调节作用。因此,在"三权分置"产权制度改革中,政府应重视规范土地确权程序,加强产权制度改革宣传和信息披露,同时,注重以政策调整和市场配置相结合的方式,降低土地不平等造成的负面影响,强化土地产权制度改革的政策效果。     

一类具有饱和发生率的虫媒传染病模型研究

考虑虫媒传染病具有潜伏期的特征,研究了一类具有饱和发生率的时滞传染病模型的动力学行为,确定了疾病是否流行的阈值R_0.当R_01时,无病平衡点全局渐近稳定,疾病将最终灭绝;当R_01时,唯一地方病平衡点条件稳定,系统会产生Hopf分支.